Assignment free essay sample

As can be seen in the graph of country distribution of the top 100 female tennis players, Russia have the highest proportion, account for 14% of 100 sampled female tennis players. Follow by United States and Czech Republic with 8%. France, Australia and Spain have the same proportion with 5%. The rest of other countries contribute to 49% of distribution. b) Consider the 2010 earning distribution of the top 100 female tennis players. Illustrate with a histogram and describe it with appropriate numerical descriptive statistics. Does this distribution appear to be normally distributed? Use some descriptive statistical tools and statistical test(s) to answer this question. * These histogram are clearly asymmetrical and the superimposed normal curve is a little bit do not fit to them well, infact the histogram are skewed to the right so the sample is non-normal distribution * The sample mean is far above the median. Other important measures of the normality are the skewness and kurtosis. We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (In normal distribution the values of skew and kurtosis are close to 0). However in this sample, both of them are large positive. Moreover, we have z-score of skewness is 12. 59 and z-score of kurtosis is 20. 93 indicates respectively a very significant positive skew and very significant kurtosis. * These histogram are clearly asymmetrical and the superimposed normal curve is a little bit do not fit to them well, infact the histogram are skewed to the right so the sample is non-normal distribution. Both p-value are approximately . 00, so that at 5% level of significance level the earnings distribution is appeared to be non-normal. The points on the PP Plot are scarttered far more loosely around the diagonal. Namely, they tend to be above the diagonal at the lower end of the distribution and below it in the middle. Hence the sample are unlikely to be normal distributed. c) Draw a random sample of 15 female tennis players without replacement from the 2010 population of the top 100 female tennis players and present it in a table. Assignment free essay sample Practice of Management Assignment Individual assignment to be done as homework To be done in Word with a cover page Watch the full interview from the link below with Indra Nooyi, CEO of Pepsi Co and answer the following questions based on the Interview Interview link: http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=Ft7G549GF3Y Answer the questions with as much detail as possible Question 1 How do you feel about a boss who makes the strong connections with their staff and heir staffs families as Indra Nooyi does? Question 2 What is the operating philosophy of Pepsi Co? (explain in detail) Question 3 What was the specific initiative Indra Nooyi did to get ready for her first Job as a product manager for a textile company? Question 4 What are the characteristics that Indra Nooyi looks for when recruiting for the Pepsi co? Question 5 What does Mrs. Nooyi mean by dont run for office? Question 6 How did Pepsi Co handle the acquisition of Tropicana? Co? Question 5 Assignment free essay sample Explain why you would prefer this type. (2-4 sentences. 2. 0 points) Personally, I would prefer to choose debt funding. That way I wouldn’t have to share part of my company. Not the biggest fan of sharing (: c. If you needed to get funding for your company, describe at least two sources of funding that you would prefer. Explain why you would prefer these sources of funding. (2-4 sentences. 2. 0 points) Like I said in an earlier question, I would use debt funding. And hopefully get money from angel investors. d. List at least four operating costs your business might have. (1. points) location, supplies, employees, equipment, administration and cash reserve. e. Consider the industry of your company and the current economy, and then explain how these factors might impact your company’s sales. If you do not think these factors would impact your sales, explain why they wouldnt. (2-4 sentences. 2. 0 points) In the current economy buying supplies might be more expensive than t hey would in a better economy. We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Paying for employees would still be about the same. Location might be really rather easy, Deepening on whether or not there’s a pet shop nearby. f. If you had $5,000 to start this company, which department would get the most funding? Which department would get the least funding? Which phase of the business would be the most expensive? (2-4 sentences. 2. 0 points) I think the sales department would get the most funding because our main goal would be to sell these animals to a good home. The least funding department would be Information technology department because we wouldn’t really need a fancy network database. I think the start stage would be the most expensive. 2. Review the Financial Statements: Income Statement from Section 9, Lesson 2 of this course. Use the information from the example income statement for Jamies Bead Jewelry to answer the questions below. a. What are the two sources of revenue for the company? (0. 5 points) b. What is the companys total revenue? (0. 5 points) c. What is the companys net profit? (0. 5 points) d. Is the company experiencing a profit, or a loss? (0. 5 points) 3. Review the Financial Statements: Balance Sheet from Section 9, Lesson 2 of this course. Use the information from the example balance sheet for Jamies Bead Jewelry to answer the questions below. a. What is the value of the companys assets? 0. 5 points) b. What is the total of the companys liabilities? (0. 5 points) c. What is the total owner equity? (0. 5 points) 4. Calculate the following financial ratios. TIP: If you dont remember how to calculate financial ratios, review the Calculating Financial Ratio pages from Section 9, Lesson 2 of this course. a. A company makes a net profit before tax of $12,000 and has $20,000 in total equity. Cal culate the companys return on equity as a percentage. (0. 5 points) b. A company makes a net profit before tax of $5,000 and has total assets with a value of $10,000. Calculate the companys return on assets as a percentage. (0. 5 points) c. A company has $1,400 in liabilities and $1,500 in assets. Calculate the companys debt ratio as a percentage. (0. 5 points) d. A company has $1,400 in liabilities and $1,500 in equity. Calculate the companys debt to equity ratio as a percentage. (0. 5 points) e. A companys current assets are $30,000 and current liabilities are $19,000. Calculate the companys current ratio as a percentage. Does the company have enough assets to pay its liabilities? (1. 0 points) Assignment free essay sample The first step to manage time is to work out how much it costs the institution and it can be done in units eg an = 1 unit . The analysis should include project team members salaries, the cost of office space the team occupy, equipment and facilities in use, expenses, administrative support etc. Activity Logs Measuring the status quo Monitoring the way in which you spend your time an activity log is highly effective. It is easy to to believe that you spent all your day working if you work purely from memory . Job Clarification An effective way of ensuring that you concentrate on the right things is to agree them with your supervisor or project stake holders. Specification A specification is the definition of your project; this is a statement of the problem and not the solution. As the basis for planning of various tasks of a project, specification should be used. We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These specifications should be specific and clear. Normally, the specifications contain errors, ambiguities and misunderstandings to derail the project and the entire team. Before embarking upon WBS on vague specification, the project manager must read and revise and ensure that everyone concerned with the project is working with the same understanding. All members must understand what the problem is. The outcome of this deliberation should be a written definition of what is required, by when; and this must be agreed by all involved. The agreement upon a written specification has several benefits * The clarity will reveal misunderstandings The completeness will remove contradictory assumptions. The rigour of the analysis will expose technical and practical details * The agreement forces all project stakeholders to actually read and think about the details The places to look for errors in a specification are : The holistic persective: The interface : Time Scales : External dependencies They are determined by the project management team during the activity sequence process . It involves a relationship between project and non-project activities such as activities outside the project team’s control (e. . dependence on external sources for deliveries , environmental factors governed by statutes) Resources There is a fundamental formula that ties together the duration of an activity against the amount of work effort required and the resources needed to complete that work within the estimate activity resource process. The type and quantities of material, people, equipment or supplies required to perform each activity is closely co-ordinated with the estimate costs process. Tool and techniques used are * Expect judgement * Alternative’s analysis * Published estimating data * Bottom –up estimating * Project management software Activity Resource requirements Identifies the types and quantities of resources required for each activity in a work package Determines the estimated resources for each work package by aggregating their requirements like the types and the quantities Will be documented by including basis of estimates and assumptions made . Project document updates The project documents that may be updated include * Activity list * Activity attributes Work Breakdown Structure Remain on time : establish control There are two key elements to the control of a project * Milestones * Establish means of communication A milestone schedule notes a few key events, called milestones, on a calendar bar chart . Milestones have been defined as events clearly verifiable by other people or requiring approval before proceeding further. The simple way to construct milestones is to take the timing information from the work breakdown structure and sequence diagram. The second method is to construct more significant milestones . These can be found by identity stages in the development of a project which are recognisable as steps towards final product. Sometimes these are simply the higher levels of your structure; for instance the completion of a market –evaluation phases . Sometimes they cut across many parallel activities. Useful type of milestone when running parallel activities It provides an excellent opportunity for quality checking and for review * They all have a shared goal (the common milestone) * You have something tangible which your team can celebrate and which constitutes a short term goal in a possibly long term project * Their responsibly to (and dependence upon ) each other is emphasised * Each can provide a new (but informed) viewpoint on the others work * You have something tangible which seni or management can recognise as progress Communication is your everything Testing and quality assurance Assignment free essay sample Given the rich cultural depth of the Castle brand in South Africa, Castle Draught can present a very unique through the line marketing opportunity. There are however Castle brand constraints to overcome and opportunities to leverage. The constraints that need to be de-emphasized are perceptions related to low cost (cheap) and old-school (not trendy), body-effect (gas and hang over) and taste (the notion that a drinker must first acquire a taste for the beer). This substantially drives away new drinkers in favour of retaining the existing customer base only. In de-emphasizing the constraints, they must be decisively replaced for Castle Draught with substantial alternative consumer oriented appeal. This repositioning is radical but not without risk, however a mediocre intervention will yield an inevitably mediocre result. To some extent the risk will be mitigated by a trusted and strong underlying mother castle brand. The competition is fierce and the on-going subject of raging debate in drinking circles. We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Competitor offerings must be taken head-on. Draught such as Heineken and Windhoek enjoys an appeal similar to Coca Cola in its pervasiveness and intensity, and therefore presents a very serious sustainable challenge. Castle Draught as a variant to Castle Lager has not enjoyed sufficient differentiation in its initial launch. It is proposed that it be re-launched with substantially revised context and stunningly differentiated impact. Accordingly, the â€Å"untouchable† assumptions must be revisited within a conservative framework of retaining base brand identity and embedded brand strength, as well as the existing customer base; the proposed alternative appeal are the following Taste (controlled reduction HOP content and extra filtration to enhance smoothness) Brand markings (Slightly larger size with hologram surface differentiation) Bottle colour (marginally brighter) Brand identity –whilst traditionally most emphasis has been on the roots and tradition in SA, this has other historic political connotations considering the intended target market being the young black male and the brand identity must be exploited and further leveraged and moved out of the closet into the open to take on the other brands directly. Castle Draught scope as a product must be re-viewed to consider repositioning as a more premium brand for South Africa and selected other countries. A substantial and pervasive intervention is required to support the radical and sustained re-launch as follows: 1. Revitalise (brighten) bottle colour (From brown to dawn glow, brand markings, taste and cost with specific deliberate change to a soft luminous green glow in the dark. (Glass luminosity is available from technical perspective) 2. Create refreshing slogan material: Your Draught from your Castle; Dawn of Draught etc. 3. Identify and establish synergy with trending jet setting material for the target market. 4.  Identify and leverage exclusive synergistic industry and sport affiliation for the target market with the objective of driving loyalty and brand first mention in an attempt to capture the below the line marketing initiative for the beer industry in a conclusive and sustainable manner. 5. Establish a trendy mobility platform for smart phones leveraging gaming, synergistic companies, and advertising and customer surveys to advance below the line marketing at relativ ely low cost 6. Leverage young set celebrities for role modelling.  7. Re-define the distribution model to fully exploit the channels that have currently emerged as winners (Counter sales no doubt has the highest convenience and access –billboard support and even uniforms and T-shirts for higher volume customers are likely to take this forward ) 8. Review packaging in total –consideration of larger volume packages for counter sales convenience specifically The launch campaign must be built up gradually to peak at 2015 to allow for tentative surveying and direction setting. This will be a dynamic launch, tentatively sensing customer preference in this emerging market to confirm direction within all the dimensions. This supports typical customer and market survey results as per Appendices A-E Internal/Situational Analysis To fully understand the market positioning of Castle Lager brand in general and Draught in particular, a full situational analysis is required. This requires understanding SABMiller’s capabilities, customers and business environment. This analysis considers the macro and micro environmental factors that affect SABMiller externally and internally respectively. The purpose is to indicate SABMiller organizational and product portfolio, as well as the overall sustainability of their business. Macro environmental analysis This constitutes a review of all the factors that SABMiller is unable to control, also illustrating the current business environment. Pestle Analysis A common tool for conducting this analysis is the PESTEL, which include factors from the political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal aspects in the business environment. The ultimate purpose of this analysis is to create a strategy that will leverage as many of these external factors as possible in SABMiller’s favour. Political SABMiller is a global brand and in terms of its operations in South Africa is affected by national government regulations and legal issues. These issues impose strategic constraints and also provide opportunities for Castle draught. For example, government is strongly campaigning against drunk-driving and underage drinking which can affect the tendency of people to drink beer in restaurants, pubs and bars. Government debate to increase drinking age limitation will affect Castle Lager market segments and market share. Higher sin taxes in 2013 budget speech affect beer price increases adversely and thereby affect demand by beer consumers. Therefore, buying packaged beer and in bulk may be the new trend for the consumer. The Government has the power to penalise industries that do not meet legal or regulatory requirements. The brand is linked to a previous era and related political dispensation that the vibrant and growing new consumer does not associate strongly with. Economic factors SABMiller is affected at the macroeconomic level due to high inflation rate in the country. Salary increases are also not keeping up with the rate of inflation increase. Consumer’s purchasing power is decreasing, disposable income is lower and consequently price plays a greater role in a consumer’s decision to buy. Consumers might prefer to drink at home or in groups and buy packaged beer in bulk as it is more cost effective than drinking out. High levels of unemployment, costs of raw materials such as energy (ESKOM), petrol, interest rates, will have a substantial adverse impact. A recession depresses business causing lower spend. Depressed spend together with a move to alcohol, and specifically lower cost brands creates activity at the lower ends of product price ranges. In the budget speech an announcement was made to increase excise duties of alcohol products between 5 and 10%. Inflation is high in South Africa. Electricity price hikes, fuel price increases, food and drink prices have increased as a result. The consumer’s purchasing power is decreasing, disposable income is lower and consequently price influences consumer decision to buy. Consumers might prefer to drink at home and buy packaged beer in bulk as it is more cost effective than eating out. Castle Draught represents a lower end cost product, and from affordability perspective is likely to be favoured in terms of volumes providing a premium and purpose built connotation can be created in favour of a low cost â€Å"dad’s drink†. Social Factors According to researched information from social media and questionnaires conducted as indicated in the appendix A,B, C, E below, most of beer lovers change from strong beers to light beer’s (low-alcohol) because they believe this is healthier. Light beers calorie percentage is lower than regular beers. However some people argue that light beers are nothing but marketing strategy. Castle draught was introduced to the market to compete with other light beer rivals in the market. Furthermore consumers have reduced their beer consumption because diet and health issues. These consumers think beer affects body fat because of the calories; therefore consumers switch to wine, malt-flavoured alcoholic drinks. The Living Standard Measure (LSM) affects consumption patterns of the different income groups. The emerging black middle class have the greatest buying power and shows increased consumption. Growing concerns about alcohol abuse are a concern to SABMiller and have accordingly sponsored the Arrive Alive campaign (don’t drink and drive). Changing social attitudes and tastes such as the way individuals spend their leisure time, for example; going to the cinema, or just hanging out with friends. Peer pressure is an on-going issue. Underage drinking levels are increasing. Virtual presence is increasing, and can be leveraged to further develop the idea of togetherness and friendship within the context of Castle Draught. Technological Technology assists SABMiller to develop more efficient distribution channels and upgrade facilities with technology that increase the brewing process and improve the quality of the cultivate ingredients and harvesting process. This helps to increase consistency and reduce costs. SABMiller is very rich in using information Technology for their production process because its large operations are highly dependent on the availability of information systems. The control room in the production facility reveals the centralisation of control within the plant. In addition, the increased filtration for the Draught is as a result of technological innovation. Technology facilitates quicker change to: Changes to certain products Introduction of new products, such as; fruit flavoured beers Economies of scale in brewing and distribution Responding to consumers tastes and preferences changing depending on ones mood Creating another variant or tweaking an existing one Platforms of social media and mobility Legal Factors Legal issues affect the beer industry when packaging, advertising and labelling. When advertising beer products target consumer age must be over 18 years. Therefore SAB has to obey rules and regulations in South Africa where it operates. SAB message ‘arrive alive’. There is also legislation as this affects food production. There is a future strategy of government to limit alcohol advertising and related sports sponsorships. Supposing advertising is prohibited or limited, market share will remain static. The continued high volume production of alcohol beverage within a legal framework is imperative to ensure that Castle Draught enjoys substantial and authentic re-launch. Environmental factors Preserving the environment is becoming a major global drive. Recycling waste is becoming increasingly important. The waste bottles and tins should be re-used or re-cycled. Recycled glass accounts for more than 30% of the materials used to produce new bottles. For example Heineken International (2011), points out that glass is used in 76% of packaging material for beer and they distribute beer in returnable packaging for reduce waste environmental pollution. Water is the primary ingredient for brewing process. SABMiller has built on-site water treatment plants to reprocess and purify water for the brewing process. They also use Bio-Energy Recovery Systems (BERS) to treat wastewater, reducing its strength and volume while creating a renewable biogas that helps fuel their breweries. Other remaining waste water in production units is discharged after the treatment of on-site wastewater treatment plants. Summary of PESTLE as this relates to Castle Draught The PESTLE analysis performed above is an audit of SABMiller’s environmental influences and the purpose is to use this information to guide their strategic decision-making. The assumption is that if SABMiller is able to audit its current environment and assess potential changes, Castle draught will be better placed than its competitors to respond to changes. Porter’s 5 Forces Given significant rivalry in the beer industry, it is critical that the following competitive dynamics are understood to establish the attractiveness of the industry and the receptivity to a â€Å"new† Draught. New market entrants Barriers to entry in the low volume beer market are low and this has been a stimulus for smaller brewers (micro-breweries) to enter the market in recent years and make the industry more competitive and less attractive. However these micro-breweries serve a niche market, as their beer offers consumers a unique taste, sells at a premium, and is sold at select locations only. Hence they are unlikely to tap into the mass-produced beer market of SAB and are not considered a threat. The required plant and equipment to compete at this level of volume is high cost; therefore the barrier to entry is high for immediate high volume competitors. The existing brands are very strong (SABMiller, Heineken etc. ) which makes it difficult for new high volume entrants to emerge. For high volume production, the capital infrastructure is also prohibitively high, effectively preventing entry to this market on a pure capital cost basis. The existing distribution channels are also established through strong relationships with various supply chain partners, and new supply and distribution channels will take time and effort to develop. In addition, advertising cost is very high, and high volume producers are able to stay ahead because of the affordability. This threat of new entrants into high volume market is consequently low. A high volume Lager or Draught from a new entrant is very unlikely, unless Heineken or one of the other larger brands is on the brink of a new introduction into the market. The bargaining power of suppliers SAB suppliers provide raw material for the product, labelling, bottling, distribution etc. In this regard the raw material and distribution is mission critical. The suppliers of raw materials to SABMiller are mainly farming communities contracted to SABMiller. SABMiller has the significant market share (approximately 90% of the South African market), work closely with local suppliers to stimulate local economic growth and boost local jobs and income. The next biggest competitor to SABMiller, being Brandhouse Beverages, cannot match the magnitude of SABMiller’s supply needs; therefore there is no better substitute for the farming communities. The construction of the new malting plant in Alrode, Gauteng will further increase SAB’s local footprint. Hence the bargaining power of suppliers is low. The bargaining power of buyers From SABMiller perspective, the bargaining power of bulk buyers is as relevant as consumers. The bulk purchasers of beer (Counter sales, taverns etc. ) have high bargaining power because there are a number of bulk suppliers of beer. Consumers also have many choices because many companies that make beer each sell multiple brands of beer (e. g. : Heineken, Amstel, Windhoek, Guinness). Consequently the bargaining power of beer consumers is high, which is a threat to SABMiller. This threat is mitigated somewhat by SAB being a local producer of beer, having built a legacy of excellence over more than a century. They have built that emotional association to its products with their target market. Considering all of the above, the buyers have high bargaining power and the associated Castle Draught offer must be compelling and captivating in its essence. The threat of substitutes Substitutes for beer include any beverage, but specific attention is placed on alcohol substitutes. People can switch to wines, ciders or whiskeys which also contain alcohol. Consumers’ tastes differ so they have a right to choose what they want to enjoy, so this will affect the beer market and SAB. Hence the threat of substitutes is high. Considering Castle Draught as a product, the main substitute in the eyes of the consumer is apparently Heineken Draught, given the historic volumes of the two productions and as a result this substitute poses a substantial past and future threat to Castle Draught. The extent of competitive rivalry Brandhouse Beverage supplies a quality range of beers with strong brand recognition but their market share increase has been constrained by SABMiller. The sheer heritage of the Castle brand and its ability to last the test of time has made it a favourite amongst the majority of beer lovers in South Africa and has ensured brand loyalty. The beer market in South Africa is competitive but the SABMiller premium portfolio brands occupy a significant share of the market and that is unlikely to change. From a draught perspective, Heineken is the market leader followed by Castle. Castle has the advantage in that it can use its brand strength and loyalty as a shield, to allow its new draught offering to ease its way into the market, with little risk. Rivalry is strong both from beer and industry perspective. Summary of findings using Porter’s five forces –as this relates to Castle Draught Porters tool is a simple but powerful tool for understanding where power lies in a business situation. This is useful, because it helps SABMiller understand both the strength of their current competitive position, and the strength of a position they are considering moving into. With a clear understanding of where power lies, they can take fair advantage of a situation of strength, improve a situation of weakness, and avoid taking wrong steps. This makes it an important part of their planning toolkit. Therefore, with help of the tool, it was found that the barrier to entry is low, bargaining power of supply is low, bargaining power buyer is high, rivalry is strong and there is substitute for beer, thus making the industry unattractive to new comers. The underlying warning and opportunity given the rivalry is that a new Draught launch will have to be compelling and captivating to a new and growing vibrant market that is not very well understood by all but local associates. Market analysis Market analysis is critical to position Draught for SABMiller to enable evaluation of existing strategies and provide direction and guidance on how to tap on to new markets while accomodating loyal customers. This analysis will ensure that SABMiller keeps in tune with trends in the market place, abreast of customer needs and aware of the competition. Today’s world is complex and dynamic, SABMiller acknowledges that new initiatives are continuously required to generate a sustainable source of future support for their brand and to survive over the long term. This is all the reason they need to develop a full through-the-line marketing plan for its Castle Lager Draught, using all mediums of the marketing mix that will assist in driving sales among non-Castle Lager drinkers. Through-the-line marketing implies a marketing campaign that combines both expensive activities like national TV adverts (above the line) and less/inexpensive activities like direct mail executions (below the line). Customer analysis For SABMiller to fully understand their customers’ needs calls for the development of a market or customer led strategy that offers value to customers. Also, because SABMiller intends to attract new customers and retain the loyalty of current ones this analysis is a priority. It will assist them to be customer-centric, i. e. treating each interaction in a way that is highly personalized and targeted. The starting point will be to conduct customer segmentation, which will intelligently divide customers for more relevant interactions. The tabe below depicts the market segment; In addition, SABMiller needs to identify and leverage exclusive synergistic industry and sport affiliation for the target market with the objective of driving loyalty and brand first mention in an attempt to capture the below the line marketing initiative for the beer industry in a conclusive and sustainable manner. Furthermore, SABMiller needs to establish a trendy mobility platform for leveraging gaming, synergistic apps, and advertising and customer surveys to advance below the line marketing at relatively low cost. This can be done through a comprehensive Market Mix (four C’s) which will warrant that customers are SABMiller’s prime focus as follows: Consumer – SABMiller can embark on traditional marketing mix where the primary focus is on products; however their primary focus should be the customer. This will enable them to make sure that the variant products like Castle Draft satisfy their customers. See appendix B, C, D and especially E that portrays a snapshot of existing and potential customer needs. Cost – SABMiller needs to give the cost variable a special attention. More so because SABMiller wants to attract the young, fun, outgoing people who love entertainment, clubbing, and mostly those who love sport and having fun with friends. The perceptions and facts related to low cost (cheap) and old-school (not trendy), might drive away new drinkers in favour of retaining the existing customer base only (oldies). In de-emphasizing the constraints, SABMiller must decisively replace this with alternative consumer oriented appeal. Communication – The marketing communications for SABMiller should be completely revised to cater for the different target segments. The need is to create refreshing slogan material: Your Draught from your Castle; â€Å"The dawn of Draught† etc. In establishing trendy mobility platform for leveraging gaming, synergistic apps, and advertising and customer surveys SABMiller can leverage young set celebrities for role modeling, etc. to advance below the line marketing at relatively low cost. Convenience – In order to attract the new customer base, the convenience of the customer in acquiring the product plays a critical role. We recommend SABMiller exploits an already advanced distribution model to fully exploit the channels that have currently emerged as winners (Counter sales no doubt has the highest convenience and access – billboard support and even uniforms and T-shirts for higher volume customers are likely to take this forward). Also, they need to review packaging in total – considering larger volume packages for counter sales convenience specifically. Leveraging the 6W Model of Customer Analysis the following can be found. Who are the customers? Castle Lager was the big beer brand in the South African market. It started rapidly losing market share after South Africa’s political landscape changed. The brand struggled. The cool crowd, the young progressive black urban market, saw Castle as an out-dated brand drunk by older men. The target market for castle lager is the not so young, but fun, outgoing people who love entertainment, who love clubbing, and mostly those who love sport and having fun with friends. The challenge is to get it back into the hearts and minds of the identified target market, 18-24 city living black males. Because Castle Lager is the mother brand for Castle Draft it has the same customer base where the rationale for the development of a full through the line marketing plan came from. What do the customers do with the product? Today the beer that prides itself on celebrating genuine friendships and great taste and refreshment is brewed in nine countries and enjoyed in over 40 countries worldwide. Castle Lager connects with its target audience with humour and the focus on real friendships – all with a South African flair. It’s always about a close circle of friends making a plan to help a friend, to celebrate a special moment, to get to a game, or to simply to catch up on each other’s lives. Everything about Castle Lager shouts local is lekker. And Castle Lager is not paying lip-service to its support of local sport. It is premier sponsor of Bafana Bafana; principal sponsor of the Proteas Test Cricket team; sponsor of the Castle South Africa 2009 Lions Series; associate sponsor of the Springbok Rugby team; official beer supplier to Super 14 2009; and official beer supplier to PSL 2009. Castle Lager hasn’t won massive support based solely on ad campaigns and the support of local sport. If it didn’t taste great, no amount of marketing would help elevate it to the number one position in Johannesburg. According to the feedback of independent tasters, Castle Lager’s balance of taste and refreshment is based on the perfect orchestration of 13 flavour notes to create a beautiful symphony in the mouth. Mastering this distinctive taste requires superior knowledge and experience and that’s why Castle Lager brew masters are amongst the best in their field. In fact, the Castle Lager brewing process has not changed over the years. It’s a process that produces a beautiful liquid that brings friends together time and time again. Where do they buy the product – Channels of distribution? Industry leaders, such as SABMiller have well established channels of distribution over the years, which make it more difficult for newcomers to enter the market. Due to the fact that SABMiller produces such a high volume of the market share, have strong market presence in South Africa, and are now working on expansion into international markets, they receive high volume discounts on their shipping rates, and have established beneficial distribution partnerships. What are the implications here – direct marketing? Company resources and name recognition are distinctive strength. These are areas where the company excels, in comparison to its competitors. When people discuss beer commercials, the Castle Lager commercials are easy to remember, and create a lasting impression. SABMillers hotels and licensed house interests were rationalized with the launch of the wholly owned subsidiary, Southern Sun in 1969. SABMillers hotel interests were held through the Southern Sun group, and through Southern Sun Gaming SABMiller held a 50% share in the casino company Tsogo Sun. The remaining 50% of Tsogo Sun was held by Tsogo Investments, a broad-based black empowerment group. In December 2002, SABMiller Tsogo Investments announced the most important empowerment deal yet in South Africa, with an agreement that resulted in the transfer of both companies interests into a new company, Tsogo Sun Holdings (Limited), which is controlled by Tsogo Investments. When do they buy the product – seasonal, situational? In the beer industry there are more buyers than there are firms in the market. Since more than 50% of the South African population buys and consumes beer on a regular basis, it would indicate that there is significant buyer concentration. Castle Lager can be enjoyed with a bowl of biltong watching the Lions kicking the seven shits out of the Sharks / Stormers / Bulls / Cheetahs. In winter I just love Guinness, Castle is for summer. Why do they buy? According to the customer survey attached as appendix A â€Å"Castle Lager, fell out of heaven, landed in SA, and enjoyed ever since. I have in my life drank many a beers, mostly dozen a day for 35 years†. Castle has very fine taste very good quality and affordable. Nothing beat castle lager and if you can find it in draught even better. Castle Lager is the best beer one can come across in my life. You can try other beers from other manufacturers, but still it remains on top†. In summary An understanding of the above (6W) helps to reveal: Customer value Customer needs Customer segments For Castle Draft to entice new customers and keep the existing one customer value, needs and segmentation is of utmost importance. Constantly shifting customer needs and competitive pressure has assisted Heneken to stay ahead in the market. How? How Castle Draught can be re-positioned to meet these criteria by replacing their strategies with alternative consumer oriented appeal. Castle Draught as a variant to Castle Lager has not enjoyed sufficient differentiation in its initial launch. It is proposed that it be re-launched as a product as a premium brand for selected other countries than South Africa. 1. To create refreshing slogan material: Your Draught from your Castle; â€Å"I am connected. † â€Å"Castle fell from heaven, landed in South Africa and enjoyed ever since. † Draught is your Castle in the sky. † etc. 2. Identify and establish synergy with trending jet setting material for the target market. 3. Identify and leverage exclusive synergistic industry and sport affiliation for the target market with the objective of driving loyalty and brand first mention in an attempt to capture the below the line marketing initiative for the beer industry in a conclusive and sustainable manner. 4. Establish a trendy mobility platform for leveraging gaming, synergistic apps, and advertising and customer surveys to advance below the line marketing at relatively low cost 5. Leverage young set celebrities for role modeling. This will be a dynamic launch sensing customer preference to confirm direction within all the dimensions. This supports typical customer and market survey results as per Appendix A. Competitor analysis The primary aim of a marketing strategy is to satisfy the customer better than competitors can. It is to identify and differentiate itself positively from its competitors by using competitive intelligence methods Jooste, et al. (2012). Heineken has made strides in relation to this statement successfully identified and differentiated itself better than the other competitor. Identification of Competitors The following competitor classification is identified: Market leader –In1998 Castle Lager was the dominant market share leader in South Africa. Currently the Castle Lager brand, in terms of Draught, is the market challenger in the industry. Heineken is currently regarded as the market leader. Challenge – Castle Draught is currently the challenger Follower –Windhoek Draught follows Heineken and Castle Draught One type of competitor identification is the organisations offering the same or similar products and services now. In that instance, the Castle Draught, Heineken and Windhoek are classified as types of organisations offering the same or similar products, which is beer. The source of competition for Castle is that the competitor is competing to satisfy the same customer needs, which is Windhoek and Heineken drinkers. It is also a brand competition in terms of promoting the Castle lager brand. The following future competitive threats sources: Companies competing in a related product/market. The future competitive threats sources for Castle Draught will be all companies competing in the related product and market, however big and small. The future competitors sources will therefore remain Heineken and Windhoek, and possible premium entrants which may be coming from other countries, this are likes of Stella Artoise from Belgium. This company brands are using similar technologies of marketing their brands and will also target the Castle Lager and Draught drinkers. Companies using related technologies – Heineken and Castle most likely use the same technologies Companies already targeting your prime market segment of unrelated product – Both companies are targeting the same market segments Companies from other geographical areas – Both companies are  also competing on the same geographical areas Analysis of Strategic Groups Strategic group pursue similar competitive strategies, e. g. same distribution channels, or an aggressive low-price approach. In this case SAB and Brandhouse are strategic group of companies applying similar techniques to gain a competitive edge. They are also more or less equa lly large brand companies will similar assets and production scales. The following are the characteristics of identifying strategic groups: Size and market share. Brandhouse Heineken has large market share than Castle Draught Extent of product/service. This two groups focus on targeting the beer drinkers Geographic coverage. Both cover the same geographic areas, especially in South African urbanised areas. Market segment served. Castle Lager and Draught has dominated the older people segment which is the old generations while Heineken has served all the markets with the image of a premium beer. Type of distribution channel. Both use similar distribution channels which is transporting to similar warehouses and liquo Assignment free essay sample Independent variable (x) †¢ Also called predictor or explanatory or manipulated variable †¢ the variable in regression that can be controlled or manipulated Dependent variable (y) †¢ Also called the response variable †¢ the variable that cannot be controlled or manipulated 7 [emailprotected] uitm. edu. my [emailprotected] uitm. edu. my 8 Dependent(x) Vs. Independent(y) †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Intentionally manipulated Controlled Vary at known rate Cause †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Intentionally left alone Measured Vary at unknown rate Effect Example: What affects a student’s arrival to class? Variables: †¢ Type of School ? FSPPP, Business School, FSKM Type of Student ? Gender? CGPA? †¢ Class Time ? Morning, Afternoon, Evening †¢ Mode of Transportation ? Motorcycle, Car, UiTM bus 2 QMT412 Pn. Sanizahs Notes 02/05/2013 9 [emailprotected] uitm. edu. my [emailprotected] uitm. edu. my 10 Scatter Plot (scatter diagram) †¢ A scatter plot is used to show the relationship between two variables. †¢ The scatter plot is a visual way to describe the nature of the relationship between the independent variable (x) and the dependent variable (y). We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page †¢ Interpreting scatter plots: ? ? ? ? Positive linear relationship Negative linear relationship Nonlinear relationship No relationship Scatter Plot Examples Linear relationships y y Nonlinear (Curvilinear) relationships Positive x y x y x Negative x 11 [emailprotected] uitm. edu. my [emailprotected] uitm. edu. my 12 Scatter Plot Examples Strong relationships y y (continued) Weak relationships Scatter Plot Examples No relationship y (continued) x y y x y x x x x 3 QMT412 Pn. Sanizahs Notes 02/05/2013 13 14 Example 1 (pg. 134) x 1 3 5 7 9 [emailprotected] uitm. edu. my Correlation Coefficient [emailprotected] uitm. edu. my †¢ Draw a scatter diagram for the following data and state the type of relationship between the variables. 13 17 Correlation coefficient measures the strength and direction of a LINEAR relationship between a pair of random variables. y 0 5 11 14 19 22 30 The POPULATION correlation coefficient ? (rho) measures the strength of the association between the variables. The sample correlation coefficient r or ? s is an estimate of ? and is used to measure the strength of the linear relationship in the sample observations. 15 [emailprotected] uitm. edu. my [emailprotected] uitm. edu. my 16 Correlation Coefficient †¢ â€Å"r† or â€Å"? s† indicates†¦ ? strength of relationship (strong, weak, or none) ? direction of relationship ? ositive (direct) – variables move in same direction ? negative (inverse) – variables move in opposite directions †¢ r ranges in value from –1. 0 to +1. 0. Moderate Weak Weak Moderate Do Variables Relate to One Another? Is teacher’s pay related to performance? Is exercise related to illness? Is CO2 related to global warmi ng? Is TV viewing related to shoe size? Is shoe size related to height? Is height related to IQ? Is cigarettes smoked per day related to lung capacity? Positive Negative Positive Zero Negative -1. 0 -ve Perfect Positive -0. 8 -0. 5 0. 0 No Relationship +0. 5 +0. 8 +1. 0 +ve Perfect Very Strong Strong Strong Very Strong 4 QMT412 Pn. Sanizahs Notes 02/05/2013 17 [emailprotected] uitm. edu. my [emailprotected] uitm. edu. my 18 Positive correlation Two variables move in the same direction Negative correlation Two variables tend to go in the opposite direction 19 [emailprotected] uitm. edu. my Pearson Coefficient of Correlation †¢ Both variables must be quantitative and normally distributed. †¢ Calculation for r : r? Methods for Calculating Correlation Coefficient, r or ? s ?n ? ? ? xy ? ? x? y 2 2 ? x ? x ? ? ? n? y 2 ? y ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? n 2 Pearson ProductMoment Correlation Coefficient Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient or r? xy ? ?n ? ? x ? 2 ? ? y 2 ? y ? 2 ? x 2 ? ? ? ? ? ? n ? n ? xy ? ? ? ? [emailprotected] uitm. edu. my 20 5 QMT412 Pn. Sanizahs Notes 02/05/2013 Example 2 †¢ Refer to Example 1. Compute Pearson coefficient of correlation and interpret the result. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient †¢ Spearman’s rank correlation coefficie nt is a measure of association between two variables that are at least of ordinal scale (suitable for qualitative data). †¢ Can also be applied to quantitative data but the variables must firsts be ranked and then only it is calculated based on these rankings. ? x ? ________ ? x 2 ? ________ ? ? ________ ? y 2 ? ________ ? xy ? ________ n ? ________ r? ? xy ? ?n ? ? x ? 2 ? ? ? y ? 2 ? x 2 ? ? ? y 2 ? ? ? ? n ? ? n ? xy ? ? ? ? ?s ? 1 ? 6? d 2 n ( n 2 ? 1) where: d = difference between two ranks n = number of pairs of observations [emailprotected] uitm. edu. my NOTE: Be careful with tied observations [emailprotected] uitm. edu. my 21 22 23 24 [emailprotected] uitm. edu. my How to calculate Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient? 1. 2. 3. 4. [emailprotected] uitm. edu. my Refer Example 5 pg. 140 Five students A, B, C, D, E are ranked in two subjects, statistics and computer programming with the following results. Calculate the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. Subject Student Statistics Computer List each set of scores in a column. Rank the two sets of scores. Place the appropriate rank beside each score. Head a column d and determine the difference in rank for each pair of scores. (Note: Sum of the d column should always be 0) 5. Square each number in the d column and sum the values (? d 2). 6. Use the formula to calculate the correlation coefficient. d d2 ?s ? 1 ? 6? d 2 n ( n 2 ? 1) A B C D E 1 2 3 4 5 3 1 4 2 5 6 QMT412 Pn. Sanizahs Notes 02/05/2013 25 26 Refer Example 6 pg. 141 x y [emailprotected] uitm. edu. my The Regression Line d2 [emailprotected] uitm. edu. my Rank of x, Rank of y, Rx Ry d=Rx-Ry 6. 0 6. 2 6. 5 6. 8 7. 0 7. 2 7. 5 7. 8 8. 0 8. 2 8. 4 8. 7 80 80 78 75 70 60 60 55 50 48 45 40 ? Regression indicates the degree to which the variation in one variable X, is related to or can be explained by the variation in another variable Y ? Once you know there is a signif icant linear correlation, you can write an equation describing the relationship between the x and y variables. ? This equation is called the line of regression or least squares line. †¢ The equation of a line may be written as: y ? a ? bx †¢ where b is the slope of the line and a is the y-intercept. Assignment free essay sample For this assignment, you will be locating articles and texts from a variety of databases that are all commonly used in anthropological research. In addition to being able to locate articles, it is very important to be able to identify the thesis statements of the articles or texts to make sure they will be useful in your research. To begin, click on the Article Selector quiz in the left navigation menu of your online classroom. This will randomly assign you three articles, and roved you with the proper PAP citation.After you have been assigned the articles, make sure to acknowledge that you have received each of these articles and click submit. You may want to write these down in a separate document, but you can also view these in your Graduated at any time. You will not be able to access the Assignment until you have used the Article Selector. We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Memorize the number of campus security. All universities have programs and resources in place to keep students safe, so familiarize yourself with the best ethos to reach the police or security office. Assignment free essay sample Drawing the Ethical Line between Right and Wrong Business decision making is derived from our ethical duties. Ethics is referred to as a set of rules and principles that determine our behavior of right from wrong. Morality the subset of ethics is a set of standards that define our character. It is a personal belief that people abide by and practice accordingly. Each is used as a foundation when deciding which philosophical perspective to follow. As a new assistance to the VP in the marketing department I must decide whether or not to dump the shipment of contaminated gourmet candies to a chain of convenience stores. The philosophical perspective that I will stand by is utilitarianism and universalism approach. These theories will explain my reasoning not to ship the tainted goods. By proceeding to ship these goods, this will negatively affect stakeholders and the company may suffer financially in the long run. We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Utilitarianism is the notion of producing the greatest good for the maximum amount of people. When benefits outweigh harm, the outcome is justified even if individual rights are violated in the process. As it is stated in John R. Deckop’s article, â€Å"Theoretical Bases for Analyzing the Ethics of a Decision†, â€Å"potential outcomes of a decision should be analyzed to see who benefits and who is harmed. The decision that results in the most total benefit compared to harm is the best decision† (Deckop). From a utilitarian perspective, we must protect key stakeholders. This includes customers, shareholders, employees, community and the environment. Stakeholders are our greatest assets of the organization. By refusing to dump the goods, we are creating the greatest amount of good for stakeholders. However, the company will suffer financial loss if the goods are not shipped. The loss is minimal. If I adhere to my bosses request by shipping the goods everyone will face crippling ripple effects. The vice president concluded that â€Å"measures were taken to cure the infestation, and that the chance of at least a few people becoming ill is certain. † The key word is â€Å"chance†; it is certain that people will get sick as a result of this shipment. If the chain of convenience stores all decides to utilize the tainted goods a majority of people as a whole will get sick. In other words, small cases of people getting sick combined will be significant as a whole. The businesses in the local community may lose business because their credibility is tarnished for supplying customers with contaminated goods. Consequently, this may lead to financially ruin everyone in the process. Customers may file lawsuits and the FDA may issue fines. This will directly led to the company that sold the tainted goods to the local convenience stores. For that reason, leading the company and everyone involved in financial ruin. Therefore, the benefits of not to ship outweighs the decision to ship the goods. I, the decision-maker â€Å"believe in weighing the consequences of a decision against all affected stakeholders to the decision. It is acceptable if decisions cause harm to some, as long as the benefit that others receive outweighs the harm† (Deckop). Universalism everyone has the â€Å"fundamental right not to be violated under any circumstance† (Deckop). This concept targets the owners of the chain of convenience stores and customers buying the product. This company is exploiting the opportunity to sell gourmet candies to stores in low-income areas. Store owners are misinformed into believing they are receiving a deal in price in exchange for an expensive product. Customers are also directly affected in the process. They become victims and mislead into buying tainted products without their knowledge and risk getting sick. The vice president believes that it is right decision to ship. For the company’s benefit they will be able to recover the loss of the goods even if it causes minimal damages. However, the VP does not realize the amount of damage that this shipment can cause. Everyone involved, especially the company will be indirectly affected. According to Deckop, â€Å"no amount of good could make up for the harm that you’re causing the individual† (Deckop). This action made by the vice president will not justify or remedy the situation even if a profit is being made. As a human being it is my moral obligation not to continue with the shipment. I may face the consequences of getting fired from my job or even demoted. However, the loss that I will face is minimal in comparison to the amount stakeholders who will suffer from my actions. My decision reflects who I am as a person. I should not compromise my values in order to please my boss or to make a quick profit. The golden rule applies, â€Å"do unto others as you would have them do unto you† (Deckop). So therefore, in this particular situation, my ethical values as a person should not conflict with the decisions that I make. It’s unjustifiable for all parties involved. I must find an equal balance that will satisfy everyone. My boss may be upset with my decision not to ship the goods, but hopefully he will have a better understanding of why I chose not to. My decisions are reasoned because of my commitment to my ethical values. The purpose of using these two approaches in this situation is to find a balance When applying specific theories to a given situation a line must be drawn and having pre-knowledge chain of stores is located in low-income areas. Pre-knowledge, many store in low-income areas would not be able to afford to buy a shipment of gourmet candies Knowing that most chains in low-income areas By refusing to ship the goods, this will ultimately benefit everyone as a whole. From a utilitarian perspective, continuing to follow orders and ship the goods will only cause a ripple effect. Society as a whole will be affected, especially key stakeholders. The two approaches that I will follow in this scenario is utilitarianism and universalism When faced with a decision, the two approaches that I will take Business decision making is derived from our ethical duties. Morality Each used as a base when determining the philosophical approach on ethics. Our philosophical perspectives are based on Each coincides with our philosophical perspectives. Each coincides with the other. Our philosophical perspectives are based on Morals and ethics When faced with a decision For that reason, when faced with a decision the two philosophical ethical approaches that I will follow is utilitarianism and universalism. When dealing with an business dilemma Each are interchangeable. Ethics and moralityeach coinciding with the other. Ethics Ethical decision making stems from a moral foundation. Morals are derived from our cultural values and surroundings. Morals is the fundamental bases of right and wrong. Assignment free essay sample A rigid tank with a volume of 1. 8 m3 contains 15 kg of saturated liquid vapor mixture of water at 90oC. Now the water is slowly heated. Determine the temperature at which the liquid in the tank is completely vaporized. Also, show the process on a T-v diagram with respect to saturation lines. (5 marks) 2. A 0. 5 m3 vessel contains 10 kg of refrigerant-134a at -20oC. Determine (a) the pressure, (b) the total internal energy, and (c) the volume occupied by the liquid phase. 8 marks) 3. A tank whose volume is unknown is divided into two parts by a partition. One side of the tank contains 0. 01 m3 of refrigerant-134a that is a saturated liquid at 0. 8 MPa, while the other side is evacuated. The partition is now removed, and the refrigerant fills the entire tank. If the final state of the refrigerant is 20oC and 400 kPa, determine the volume of the tank. (4 marks) 4. As shown in Figure 1, a 0. We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 5 m3 rigid tank containing hydrogen at 20oC and 600 kPa is connected by a valve to another 0. m3 rigid tank that holds hydrogen at 30oC and 150 kPa. Now the valve is opened and the system is allowed to reach thermal equilibrium with the surroundings, which are at 15oC. Determine the final pressure in the tank. (4 marks) Figure 1 5. Nitrogen at 150 K has a specific volume of 0. 041884 m3/kg. Determine the pressure of the nitrogen, using (a) the ideal gas equation and (b) the Beattie-Bridgeman equation. Compare your results to the experimental value of 1000 kPa. (9 marks) Date of submission: 19th October 2011 (EH2211A)/20th October 2011 (EH2201B)

11 Crucial Skills To Learn Before You Turn 25

11 Crucial Skills To Learn Before You Turn 25 You’re 24 and freaking out. On the one hand, you’re still so young and most of your adult life is before you, pristine and for the taking. On the other, you’re nearly 25. Avoid the impending quarter life crisis by helping yourself prepare. It is possible to feel like an adult at 24, and set yourself up for great success in your life and career. Lay down this good foundation now- while you still have a chance. Here are 11 skills every 24-year-old should master on the start of a long career path.1. Sell YourselfEven if you aren’t working in sales and never want to! So much of business success boils down to sales of one kind or another. Remember that you will have to present yourself as an asset and hot commodity many times in your career; what is anything but another sales pitch? Once you realize where (and how often) sales come into play, you can work that to your advantage and start to really pull ahead of the pack.2. Expand Your HorizonsYour comfort zone is only going to hold you back- in life and work. Spread your wings a little into your personal danger zone. Eat something you would never think to try. Travel to a place you wouldn’t ordinarily choose for vacation. Get experience in a job or neighborhood that doesn’t match your upbringing. Broaden your horizons. Try new things. Start risky ventures. Take on a challenging project. This is the time for all this learning. You’ll get a better perspective on the world, the people in it, and yourself.3. Get a Party TrickFigure out one thing that you are good at- or would like to be. And don’t just get good at it. Get really good at it. If it’s your job, so much the better. But if it’s a hobby, you never know; that could turn into a back-up plan someday.4. Make Networking MatterIt’s not just a matter of how many contacts you have, but how many of those contacts would be willing to go to bat for you. Don’t just meet people, prove your value to them. That way you’ll have a network of advocates, not just a network of profile links on social media.5. Learn CodingEven if you don’t see yourself as a computer person. Coding has become as common as reading and writing as far as skills go in the new economy. Learn it while you’re young and thank yourself later.6. Fall in LoveThere’s no right time in life for love. In fact, it’s better to experience true love and real relationships early. It will save you lots of heartache and loneliness in the future. Even if you don’t want to settle down young†¦ a bit of real love is worth a go.7. MeditateThere’s a reason for the recent spike in meditation and wellness and mindfulness apps. In our mad age of constantly being wired in to each other and the market, etc., it’s important to learn how to soothe and center yourself. Building a meditation practice young can really make a substantial difference in the rest of your li fe. Plus, some experts suggest that 20 minutes of meditation is almost as good as a full 2 hours of sleep.8. TravelSee the world. Create a passion for getting to know new and foreign places. Experience the world with compassion and excitement. Think how lucky you are, how you can help. What you can see and do.9. Invest your Leisure TimeInstead of that one extra episode of Scandal, try spending the time you have on your own development. Take a seminar, volunteer, learn a dance, read a book, exercise. Spend a good portion of your free time on personal improvement and development. You’ll thank you later.10. Quit WorryingWorrying changes nothing. Concentrate on finding solutions to problems when solutions are possible. And try to let go of the rest. Do your part, and do it well, then try to be Zen about outcomes you cannot control. Take care of yourself. Feed your body and your brain. This is much more productive than clamming up and freaking out.11. Save Your CashSeriously. Star t saving money. That one extra trendy outfit or night out at the club will not be worth it in the long run, when that money could be put to better use. Remember that compound interest can make you a millionaire in twenty years. Put away a small, but consistent amount of money every month. And never touch it. You’re welcome.

Megans law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Megans law - Research Paper Example here are also cases in which it is applied permanently, so that whenever the individual moves, they have to notify local police and law enforcement that they have done so. Failing to register or update in this manner is considered to be a felony under Megan’s Act. This law was put into action after the murder of Megan Kanka, a young child. After this child was murdered by a sexual predator who was living nearby (the parents professed to have no idea), her parents circulated a petition that gained almost 500,000 signatures (Megan’s, 2010). The law was passed, and New Jersey, Kanka’s home state, was the first state to enact Megan’s Law. Overall, Megans Law provides two information services that are made available to the public: notification of sex offender registration, and notification of the community. As noted above, â€Å"The details of what is provided as part of sex offender registration and how community notification is handled vary from state to state, and in some states the required registration information and community notification protocols have changed many times since Megans Law was passed† (Megan’s, 2010). Many people support Megan’s Law because it appears to be a no-nonsense, zero-tolerance, tough-on-crime policy. They also feel more at ease when they know that sexual offenders have to register with local authorities, so that the community can have more information. From the total harm perspective, Megan’s Law can be supported from the position that it decreases the total harm to society by making vital information about child sexual predators available to parents and families. Community notification and involvement is seen as positive in most media and scholarly presentations of the law, and generally, the law-abiding public can be seen to increase in their information access and comfort level, due to the law. However, there are also possible dark sides to Megan’s Law. That some states use the law to notify about not just

Literature - I stand here ironing & Teenage Wasteland Essay

Literature - I stand here ironing & Teenage Wasteland - Essay Example The ultimate expression of those conflicting emotions are expressed in â€Å"Daddy† in an outburst of vitriol and pained condemnation of male abandonment. Although the poem seems most obvious on its literal level to be directed toward Plath’s own father, a close examination reveals that much of the venom is directed not toward her own daddy, but to the daddy of her children, her husband Ted Hughes, whom Plath confused as a reincarnated version of her father in vampire form. The Electra Complex is at the center of the poem as Plath works to intertwine the figures of her own father and her husband. The Electra Complex is a psychological term to describe what is most easily explained as the female equivalent of the Oedipus Complex in which a daughter comes to view her father as the first sexual attraction in her life and then proceeds to repress those feelings only to have them subconsciously bubble to the surface in the form of falling in love with a man who reminds her of her father. The poet herself stated that the poem is about a woman (presumably herself) who seems to have an Electra Complex regarding her father that she cannot entirely admit to. Further blurring the line between father and husband is that both men would abandon her; startlingly, Plath’s relationship with both men lasted almost the exact same length of time. Plath’s father died when she was just eight year old and her suicide came roughly the same amount of time after f irst meeting Hughes. The primary difference, of course, is that as an eight year old child, Sylvia barely had time to know and understand her father. For that reason, the real focus of the vehemence in the poem must certainly be her husband, who acts as a substitute for the father she never knew. The first half of the poem sets the stage for her look back toward a literal representation of her father that will shortly transform into the symbolic representation of Ted

Comparative essay between England and Brazil Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Comparative between England and Brazil - Essay Example Brazil consists of 27 federal units, 26 states, and one federal state (Levine 145-148). Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world and accounts for one third of the world population. It has an area of 8511965 sq km covering nearly half of South America with its capital being Brasilia. It was named after the dye-wood found there. It borders every nation of the continent except Chile and Ecuador. Brazil is divided into plateaus in the south and the Amazon River basin to the north. According to Fausto (76) analyzed and found out that a study done on 2011 reported that Brazil has a population of 205,716,890 people. Brazil has its main cities as; Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, Belo Horizonte, Recife, and Porto Alegre. Brazil is the only Latin American country that derives its culture and language from Portugal. Brazil was one of the only three modern states in the Americas to have its own indigenous monarchy for a period of almost 90 years. (Meade 90-93). Portugal earnestly tr ied to re-impose colonial rule but Brazil was declared independent on 7th September 1822 by the prince thus becoming Pedro I the Emperor of Brazil (Viotti da Costa 52). The nation was ruled by a series of military dictatorships until a revolt that allowed for a gradual return to stability under the civilian presidents (Meade 132). In 1964 to 1984 the military governments strongly encouraged foreign so as to encourage economic growth. After the military coup in 1964, Brazil was ruled by the military again for several years. In 1985 the first civilian president Neves was elected since 1964 bringing a nationwide wave of optimism. Color became the president after winning the 1989 elections but he was impeached by the congress because of corruption scandal and later resigned (Viotti da Costa 112-113). According to Fausto (158-160) asserts that in January 1999 the Asian economic crisis spread to Brazil and the economy remained sluggish throughout to 2001. Dilma Rouseff was elected as pres ident and assumed office in 1st January 2011 and is the sitting president up to date. Background history of England England is the most populous nation of the United Kingdom. It accounts for 84 percent of the combined total population. It has 54 million people and its inhabitants are English or British people. Some genetic evidence shows that the 75%-95% have descended in the paternal line from the prehistoric settlers who were originally from Iberian Peninsula. The spoken language is English. The most widely spread religion is Christianity and as per today 59% of the population identify Christianity (Raumer 67-68). The former capital of England was Winchester until it was replaced by London in 1066. Currently, London is the largest metropolitan area in the UK and also the largest urban zone in the European Union region. During the reign of Emperor Claudius, the Romans invaded Britain in AD 43 subsequently conquering much of Britain the area being incorporated into the Roman Empire as the Britannia (Eccleshare 265-270). The basic political system in England is a parliamentary system and a constitutional monarchy. Before the joining of Scotland and English to form the Kingdom of Great Britain, it was ruled by the monarch and the parliament of England. In the UK 2010 general elections the Conservative Party won the absolute majority in 532 contested seats, 61 more seats more than all the other parties combined. According to Eccleshare (45) argues

The Free Radical Theory Of Aging

The Free Radical Theory Of Aging The process of aging is a result of increasing damage of our bodys tissues which occurs over a length of time. The accumulated damage to our biological DNA is the cause by which inhibition of the cells to function and express its appropriate genes. This leads to or is responsible for the raised susceptibility of disease and death linked to the time-related changing process of aging. This process is a universal biological phenomenon which indicates that both genetic and environmental factors donating to aging. All together the nature of the aging process has been subject to substantial opinion in the way we age. Over the years, many theories have soared to illustrate the way aging occurs. The free radical theory of aging (FRTA) is the most accepted theory to describe aging which was put forward by Dr Denham Harman in 1956 carried out at the University of Nebraska. The free radical term describes any molecule that varies from a typical moleculethat retains a single free unpaired electron, a property which oxidises other molecules in an exceedingly volatile and damaging way. Otherwise radicals maypossibly be generated by the breakage of a covalent bond in such that one-half of the divided electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction. These radicals are responsible for aging, some diseases and tissue damage.A simple example to illustrate this is the reaction of water with the sun: H2O > HOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢- + Hà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ indicates a free radical) Here water is split into a hydroxyl radical and a hydrogen atom. The FRTA expresses that aging is the build up of oxidative damage to bodily cells and tissues that encounters this due to aerobic metabolism. Harman based his theory on the three opinions: (1) irradiation causes premature aging; (2) irradiation creates oxygen radicals, which may mediate its effects; and (3) cells produce oxygen radicals under normal conditions. Commencing this he hypothesised that the manner by which a high reactive free radical such as a presence of an OH group will put forth its effect an ambiguous effect. They are also likely to react with other cellular components including nucleoproteins and nucleic acids, proteins and lipids. Also given that genes will be affected by these radicals, rarely it would be probable that mutations and cancer would occur occasionally.This led Harman to conclude that ageing and age-related diseases may be due to oxidative damage which adaptable by genetic and environmental factors. Subsequently with regards to free radicals in ageing h as advanced to an extent to become one of the more reasonable theories of the ageing process. A different idea is chemical damage, which indicates damage to long-lived organic polymers in the body caused by chemical mediators within the body these include oxygen and sugars, which are responsible for aging. Chemical damage to structural cells and DNA can lead to mutations which result in loss of its functions. Later Joe McCord and Irwin Fridovichof Duke University discovered an enzyme in 1969, superoxide dismutase (SOD), exclusively operating to impair the superoxide radical, SOR (O2à ¢- -). This is a type of free radical produced when an additional electron is uplifted by an oxygen molecule. This produces a number of short-lived intermediates including the formation of superoxide (O2à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the hydroxyl radical (OH). Both the superoxide and hydroxyl radicals have a free electron in their outer orbit and are highly reactive oxidants. Hydrogen peroxide is also toxic to cells and a cause of further free radical generation, particularly when reacting with reduced transition metals to form hydroxyl radicals. The most common source of free radicals in biological systems is oxygen (Halliwell and Gutteridge, 1989). There are many types of free radicals which are formed by different reactions with oxygen. Some other examples of these are hydroperoxyl ra dical (HPR), alkoxyl radical (AR), peroxyl radical (PR) and nitric oxide radical (NOR). Successive research has uncovered that SOR are formed within cells during oxidative metabolism and SOD enzymes are existent within a variety of organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. Three isoforms of SOD are present within cells; these are cytosolic, mitochondrial and extracellular types of isoforms. Roughly 1-2 per cent of the oxygen within the mitochondria cellchanges into hydrogen peroxide rather than water, which is the actual end product during respiration.The significant of SOD is revealed through studies carried out on mutant bacteria and yeast, lacking the SOD enzyme. In the presence of oxygen these cells are unable to grow. Equally the lack of SOD2 mitochondrial enzymes in mice, were incapable of surviving for a week after birth. However, genetically engineered mice that have been altered with higher hydrogen peroxide- destroying enzymes are able to live 20 per cent longer than the controls. These results observed in 2005, shows that enhanced antioxidant defences can in crease life span. While the high potential of free radicals especially SOR and Hydroxyl radicals, these agents are an important factor linking to aging yet still remains a debatable topic. Harmans predications relating to the fact free radicals are joined to the notion of aging. Then we can expect that mammals with a longer lifespan possibly produce a small number of free radical, this links to the better ability to destruct free radicals, or the facility to repair cellular damage due to free radical reactions far better than a mammal with a shorter lifespan.These believes are supported by many studies, one in which the growth of mouse and human fibroblasts were compared under standard (20 per cent) and reduced (3 per cent) oxygen levels. Mouse fibroblasts grown under reduced conditions suffered up to a third of DNA damage and experienced many cellular divisions eventually till it stopped compared to those cells grown in normal conditions.Whereas mouse fibroblasts grown in standard conditions suffered up to 3 times more oxidative DNA damage compared to human fibroblasts under the same conditions. This study shows that human cells are far better in repairing and preventing oxidative DNA damage than mouse cells. The animal life spans can be increased by restricting the amount of calories within their diet (Perez et al. 2009 and Ristow, 2010). At first the study on mice in the 1930s, which maintained a strict diet, showed they typically lived longer by 30 to 40 per cent associated to mice that ate a normal calorific diet. Findings on the metabolic rates of these mice have shown inconsistent facts, but these studies show anoverall agreement that animals that were fed with restricted calorific diets contain a visible decrease in O2 à ¢- - and hydrogen peroxide formation, which could possible explain the increased longevity. Longitudinal studies on the rhesus monkeys are currently being carried out with calorie- restricted diets to see if they live longer healthier lives. Though, this study has not been analysed over a long enough period to see if the top figure of lifespan which is 40 years in these monkeys, is increased. These animals have minimal levels of blood glucose levels, insulin an d triglycerides making them less prone to age- related disorders for instance diabetes and coronary artery disease.Reduced blood- insulin levels may possibly important in promoting longer life span, experiments on nematodes (Kenyon et al., 1993) and fruit flies (Clancy et al., 2001) suggest that the lessened activity of insulin- like hormones can spectacularly boost the lifespan within these vertebrates.Hormonal signalling pathways are very powerful controllers of lifespan, possibly since they match the longevity of several key organs by acting in an organised manner. Research on mice with growth hormones (GH) defected by which the inability of the pituitary gland to secrete then showed that these mice had an extended life span by roughly 21- 40 per cent (Coschigano et al.,2003). Whilst transgenic mice that over expressed the GH hormone lived a shorter life span compared to wild mice (Wolf et al., 1993). The first genetic component of ageing by gene regulation was identified by the budding of yeast. The number of daughter cells reproduced from the mother cells via cell division is known as the replicating cell aging. Calorie restriction in yeast cells results in increased life span with the presence of the gene Sir2. Here more mother cells undergo cell division rapidly to reproduce more daughter cells. This gene is programmed to carry out certain processes during cell division, if repeats occur cellular senescence occurs which slowly degrades the cell away from its essential nuclear factors. According to the gene regulation theory we are pre-programmed in our genes when to self-destruct, which cause ageing and eventually death. Diet plays an important part in the formation of radicals on a molecular basis. Metal ions especially in foodstuffs contain high levels and diverse profiles of metals. Metal ions in this instance therefore correlate to the formation of free radicals so share key elements of the FRTA (Naughton el al, 2008). An interrelated area of research concerns the study of substances known as antioxidants that are able to destroy free radicals by the prevention of oxidation (Fusco, 2007). These substances can most commonly be bought over the counter in pharmacies and general stores. Familiar antioxidants in the body are glutathione, vitamin E and C, and beta-carotene. Even though these antioxidants may prove highly beneficial in the diet due to the ability to destroy free radicals, research on mice and rats has been unsuccessful in delivering realistic evidence that can stop the aging process or increase life span. An antioxidant that is receiving substantial interest is resveratrol, which is a polyphenolic compound found in elevated strength levels in the skin of red grapes. It is believed that the substance resveratrol has many health benefits characteristic of red wine. Instead of searching for free radicals in the body, resveratrol acts by activating the enzymes Sir2 that has shown to prove inc reased longevity in yeast cells. An alternative view, the evolutionary theories of ageing indicates that ageing is due to DNA programming that only the survival of the best genes are available to assure offspring have vital living conditions omitting any mutations. Senescence genes that have harmful effects on the vitality of the cells are nominated against using natural selection. The mutations in these genes delay harming effects of the gene in an individual to a later stage reduce the ability to naturally select the best genes. The deleterious genes which may not visible till after it has reproduced, the gene itself possibly escapes natural selection and is passed through to the next stage of replicating. Yet there is no actual evidence to prove this theory. Although when we begin to age, is down to variation of our genetic inheritance. Recently, cellular senescence has become an interest to explain aging likewise. The continuous chromosomal shortening of the telomeres, where each cell cycle is considered to affect the vitality of the cell, hence contribute to aging. In 1973, Olovnikov proposed the telomere theory in that cells lose a bit of DNA followed by a round of replication because the lack of ability for DNA polymerase to fully copy telomeres (chromosome ends) and that eventually an acute deletion triggers cell death. A study on the yeast cells lacking a functional EST1 gene showed progressive shortening of the terminal G1-3T telomeric repeats and a parallel increase in the frequency of cell death (Lundblad and Blackburn, 1993). Similarly research on loss of telomeric DNA during cell proliferation may play a role in ageing and cancer.Telomere length, telomerase activity and chromosome rearrangements in human cells weremeasured; ov erall telomerase (enzyme) activity was not detectable in control or extended lifespan populations but was present in immortal populations (Counter et.al, 1992).Telomerase enzymes switches itself on to which adds to the telomeres when cells divide. There have, then again also been accounts that cloning may perhaps vary the shortening of telomeres. For example dolly the sheep died of progressive lung disease and sever arthritis. The common live expectancy of sheep is 11- 12 years however dolly the sheep lived till she was of years. This could possibly be because the sheep she was cloned from lived to 6 years. One understanding is that dolly the sheep had short telomeres which are the result of the aging process (Campbell et al, 1999). This supports the telomere theory of aging as well as the FRTA. A further notion of ageing is the mitochondria DNA theory. This theory suggests that the effectively of mitochondria; the power producing organelles found in every cell of each organ, surfaces age-related degenerative diseases. The mitochondria have their own genome (mtDNA), which is produced within the inner mitochondrial membrane close to locations of formation of extremely reactive oxygen species (Sanz, 2010). Mitochondrial DNA appears incapable to frustrate the damage inflicted by the by-products of respiration for the reason that distinctively the nuclear genome lacks advanced repair mechanisms. Consequently, the cell fails to produce energy and progressively dies. This concept is backed by observations verifying the genomic variability of mitochondria, on top of many mtDNA deletions and more types of injury to the mitochondrial genome. In addition, children with the Progeria disease are naturally liable to premature aging. They have symptoms which involve progressive heart disease. Almost all Progeria patients die as of heart disease. Heart disease is moreover one of the directing triggers of death across the world. Children with Progeria commonly experience cardiovascular events, such as high blood pressure (hypertension), stroke, angina, enlarged heart and heart failure illnesses linked to aging. Progeria has a mutation on the gene that codes for Lamin A, a protein that maintains the nucleus of the cell together. It is thought that the defective Lamin A protein makes the nucleus insecure. This variability appears to lead to the process of premature aging between Progeria patients. Yet it occurs without any cause so it is hard to relate this idea to support the FRTA in anyway. Another idea that does not support the FTRA is anoxic animals. According to BMC report deep under the Mediterranean Sea small multicellular organisms are present (belonging to the group Loricifera) which are completely surrounded by poisonous sulphides and they live their entire life in the absence of oxygen, they are still able to reproduce without the existence of oxygen and are metabolically active. Electron microscopy shows that these animals own organelles as an alternative to aerobic mitochondria as well which resembles to the unicellular organisms (protozoan) having hydrogenosomes that occupy anaerobic environment. The discovery by Danovaro et al. offers the tantalizing promise of metazoan life in other anoxic settings, for example in the subsurface ocean beneath hydrothermal vents or subduction zones or in other anoxic basins, (Levin). The incidence of anaerobic mitochondria and hydrogenosomes in other organisms showed the highlight to the evolutionary significance from the f indings at Comenius and Dusseldorf Universities. In conclusion, the FRTA is not dead and it alone is not the only explanation of how we age. Genetic data alone doesnt provide strong evidence for the FRTA; however in studies with oxidative stress being reduced or inhibited can play an effect in prolonging life span. Damages and accumulation of radicals are the highlight of many other theories. This implies that the FRTA provides a foundation for other theories and that radicals cause aging to an extent is still alive. However studies on anoxic animals proves that the FRTA can not support the idea for FRTA due to lack of mitochondria instead mitosomes are present. Also studies on antioxidants supported the notion that consumption of vitamins prevents free radicals from forming or being reduced. Further studies still need to be carried out in order to prove whether FRTA is actually dead.

Program Planning and Evaluation Essay

The Far West community is an ever-growing community that is presenting many opportunities especially for a diverse population. Because the way society is as a whole it is important that there are culturally diverse communities not only for ones that need the exposure to diversity but for the cultures that need a place they can call and feels like home. Within communities such as Far West there is a huge need for the educators to be able to provide good education as well educational programs that tends to the diverse needs of a diverse population. Far West is a community striving to provide the perfect community and educational atmosphere for those that look to call Far West home. A program that is focusing on producing a successful program for a diverse population would have to utilize some program planning. This is especially accurate when a majority of the school population is of an Asian descent. Not only will program planning need to take place to come up with ways to provide for the Asian populations needs but for other cultures as well. Due to the growing population of Asian people within Far West there has also been a spike in the population of other cultural groups. Not only will a need for educational programs for the Asian culture be a must but also for others such as the Hispanic population. Not only will bilingual educators be needed but also bilingual programs, text books, and other materials to provide for the multicultural school population. The program is planning to use the first four years of grades kindergarten through fourth grade as the transition period to transform these unilingual to bilingual American students. Another program that is going to be put into place is a diversity program. Planning for this program is going to take some outside of the box thinking and some dedication from the educators and from the parents of the students.  Recruitment of faculty and staff will take place to help run this program. The principal is on board with the program and plans to make a point to recruit all the bilingual staff and paraprofessionals to help make this program run without a hitch. Parents are going to be needed to make this program a success as well. The needs for dedicated, caring parents are needed to form a diversity program committee to plan and execute everything, (â€Å"Http://www.ehow.com†, n.d.). There have been talks of creating a new class to aid in this program as well as an after school program. It will all depend on the funding whether or not the class will be implemented but the after school program is a go. Along with the daily afterschool program there will also be a monthly program celebration that will celebrate a different culture each month. Determining the celebrated cultures will be based on the different cultures that attend the school. During that month all students involved with the program will learn the lifestyles, traditions, history, and any common knowledge of the celebrated culture of that particular month. To make this happen successfully it is important to allow students to be involved and have a say in the programs planning and scheduled activities. This is the strategy to keep the students engaged and provide them with a sense of importance and responsibility. All is set in place for this program and applications for the grants have taken place and this will be what will determine if there will be a class provided during school hours as well as the after school program. Another area of need to make sure that the Far West elementary school is providing acceptable and successful services is the use of program evaluations. Some programs do this type of evaluation but it normally takes place on a quarterly basis. Far West plans to utilize a bi-monthly evaluation so the necessary statistics are recorded to make sure that the program is effective. This not only helps the students but it is also beneficial for the teachers and aides. With the students the evaluations provides insight on the learning level of the students and how well they are obtaining and learning the material taught within the program. All students learn on different levels and it is important to decipher what a child’s learning level is so that the program does not fail the student. The evaluations are also important for the educators and assistants because it allows them to analyze the data provided to see if adjustments need to be made so that lower level students can receive e xtra assistance. The  evaluations can also provide teachers with insights on any areas of improvement needed on how they are teaching the curriculum to the students. Evaluation is needed to help make a program successful and it also helps in the continuing evolution of a program. Far West plans to focus their attention on their program planning and evaluation by following a check lists. This check lists focuses on Curriculum, particularly a diverse curriculum. The next area would be instruction. The instruction given to these students is going to be as diverse as the schools population with the use of technology such as computers, videos, music, and artwork. These strategies will be added to the typical traditional use of textbooks and other media sources that can be obtained within the school’s library. Evaluation is another strategy on the checklists that was already touched upon, and lastly culture. A school’s culture sets the tone for how much the student’s value diversity in others as well as how confident they feel being themselves, (â€Å"Http://www.ehow.com†, n.d.). Program planning and program evaluation go hand in hand with this organization and for the most part a majority of all organizations. Part of the planning that has taken place is to provide an evaluation program on a bi-monthly basis. Success for this program relies on the continuous planning to make the program efficient and the continuous evaluation to make sure that the program is effective for students and the curriculum is effective as well. Both of these interrelate because with this program, planning and evaluation is needed for the overall success of the program. Far West believes that they have a curriculum, program, which is only in need of some extra staff, some dedicated parents, a nd some funding to make it all happen. Although everything presented within this written document has been all positive and seems to be fool proof there are always bumps in the road and potential obstacles that have to be faced when implementing a program of this nature. Technical issues are something that could slow the process of such a program if the required resources are not available. Because this is such a diverse program that is expected to have a large and diverse amount of participants the need for technology is needed. Technology is not only needed for resources but for alternate teaching strategies, programs, record keeping, communication, student interacting, research, and many more areas. Because of the size of the diverse population that is expected at Far West, part of their budget is  going to have the need for more computers and different bilingual programs to allow for more ample instruction of the programs curriculum. Another area of concern when it comes to starting a program would be political aspe cts. Politics is involved in almost everything one can think of. There is a large chance that there are some parents or other citizens within the Far West community that may feel that the grant money needed for all the educational changes can be utilized in other areas. Some parents that may be of another ethnic decent or part of a family that may not feel that it is important for their children to be culturally diverse could be opposed to this program proposal. These families may think that it would be a waste of money or recourses. Some families may feel that more attention should be given to classes of the arts such as art, and music. Or they may be some that believe that funding may be needed for more extracurricular activities such as sports or travel clubs. Other areas of concern could be facility improvement or maintenance. Other political issues could be on how a family looks at political views. Republicans may be opposed to such a program because they may feel that the money could be used in other areas, whereas democrats could be all for a program that is set up to help all of those involved. Other areas could be the overall upbringing and cultural traditions that families follow. Racism is still a huge issue within society and there could be families that feel that it is not in their children’s best interest to learn cultural diversity and may also feel like it is against their rights for such a program to be taught at the school their children attends. That is why the program is optional and not a requirement. The in school class would be a class where students that are interested or their parents are interested can enroll them into the class. The after school program will be optional as well. Although Far West is investing a lot of time and work into this program they are not going to allow this program take away from any other area within the school. This is to prevent from anyone to feel that they are being discriminated against. Far West is not taking any advantages away from other students they are just getting accustom to the ever evolving school population for years to come. This program is important. Children are the future of this country and if children are to be successful they are going to need the correct learning atmosphere, and resources to be able to do so. The Far West population is  becoming more and more diverse by the day and this is the case for the Far West elementary school. Far West has developed a program that will promote learning in an area that is a new way of life with cultural diversity. This is mindset of the future and by Far West Elementary setting an example; this could be the new and improved way of educating our youth starting at an early elementary age. References http://www.ehow.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/how_7464923_create-diversity-program-school.html http://www.ehow.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/info_7846153_checklist-diversity-evaluation-classrooms.html